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Free ebook about Oil and Gas Exploration, The exploration for oil and gas, which may be quite time- and effort-intensive and rely on the collection and detailed analyses of extensive geologic information, involves a number of activities, including the following: Surveying and mapping surface and subsurface geologic features with techniques such as seismic reflection to identify areas (called hydrocarbon traps) where oil and gas may have accumulated; Identifying the best locations to drill an exploratory well to test the hydrocarbon traps; Completing construction of wells and site facilities deemed capable of producing commercial quantities of oil and/or gas. In practice, using seismology for exploring onshore areas involves artificially creating seismic waves, the reflections of which are then picked up by sensitive pieces of equipment called geophones embedded in the ground or placed on the ground surface (Figure 2.1). Offshore seismic exploration is similar to onshore exploration, but rather than trucks and geophones, a ship is used to convey equipment needed to generate the seismic waves and gather the seismic data. During drilling, the circulating system pumps drilling mud or fluids into the well bore to cool the drill bit, remove rock chips, and control subsurface fluids. Typically, mud is circulated down through the hollow drillpipe. The mud exits the pipe through holes or nozzles in the drill bit, and returns to the surface through the space between the drillpipe and the well bore wall.
Tags : hydrocarbon traps, oil and gas exploration, drilling mud, system pumps, seismic waves, onshore areas, commercial quantities, subsurface fluids, rock chips, seismic reflection, free ebook, seismic exploration, drilling technology, geologic features, surface figure
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